Several studies on photovoltaic systems focused on how it operates and energy required in operating it. Little attention is paid on its configurations, modeling of mean time to system failure, availability, cost benefit and comparisons of parallel and series–parallel designs. In this research work, four system configurations were studied. Configuration I consists of two sub-components arranged in parallel with 24 V each, configuration II consists of four sub-components arranged logically in parallel with 12 V each, configuration III consists of four sub-components arranged in series–parallel with 8 V each, and configuration IV has six sub-components with 6 V each arranged in series–parallel. Comparative analysis was made using Chapman Kolmogorov’s method. The derivation for explicit expression of mean time to system failure, steady state availability and cost benefit analysis were performed, based on the comparison. Ranking method was used to determine the optimal configuration of the systems. The results of analytical and numerical solutions of system availability and mean time to system failure were determined and it was found that configuration I is the optimal configuration.

Efficiency reduction of photovoltaic cells caused by increasing temperature, is an important issue that restricts their use in the middle of the day especially in summer. A new cost-effective method to increase the SOLAR cell efficiency is presented to alleviate the problem. A combination of 40 fiberglass small cells are used in the form of a PANEL to perform the experimental tests. Water is used as absorbent of heat to reduce high temperature effects on the PANEL and the test results show that the PANEL efficiency is increased using the suggested method by amount of at least 16. 8%. A 300W halogen lamp is regarded as the light source throughout the experiments.

In this research, a multi-objective model is presented considering simulated behavior of high-efficiency rooftop SOLAR PV PANELs in a factory, which are among the largest producers of greenhouse gases. The paper proposes a simulationoptimization approach that is used to maximize the net present value (NPV) of economic benefits along with minimizing the payback period (PBP) of the investment and maximizing SOLAR energy consumption rate (SECR). In addition, the SOLAR PV PANELs degradation and maintenance cost, as well as the uncertainty in SOLAR irradiance and demand load, are also considered. The study consists of two scenarios, in the first of which both electricity tariffs and feed-in-tariffs (FiT) are fixed by a long-term contract. The second scenario investigates the situation in which subsidies on electricity tariff are removed. The best types of PANELs are found in each scenario considering the trade-offs between objective functions. The preferred trade-off solution in the first scenario, with a 2% increase in PBP, achieves more than 10% growth in NPV which is about $15000 in a year. In the second scenario, with only about a 0. 2% decrease in NPV and a 3% increase in PBP, the preferred solution attains a 9% increase in SECR.

In recent decades, global energy demand and environmental pollution have been steadily rising. The power sector is one of the major sources of global environmental pollution. Hence, it is necessary to pay more attention to renewable energy resources. In order to identify the best scenario for construction of a renewable power plant, it is necessary to examine all scenarios from all environmental aspects. Life cycle assessment methodology can be a useful tool for this purpose. In this research, life cycle of polycrystalline SOLAR PANEL production in Iran is assessed. Primary energy consumption, global warming potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential for PANEL and also cell manufacturing is assessed and the share of each PANEL component in all impact categories is presented. The primary energy demand is calculated as 15. 4 MJ/WP and GWP, AP and EP are calculated as 1. 4356 kg CO2-equiv. /WP, 0. 006 kg SO2-equiv. /WP and 0. 0013 kg PO43— equiv. /WP respectively. Transportation of PANEL components to the PANEL manufacturer is modelled in detail, results show that its contribution to life cycle primary energy consumption and environmental pollution is negligible. The results of this study can be used to identify critical points of the manufacturing life cycle and also to make decisions for the development of photovoltaics in Iran.

This study investigates the temperature distribution across SOLAR cells on the surface of a SOLAR PANEL, specifically focusing on the effect of anti-reflective coating homogeneity. The research aims to analyze how temperature variations affect power output and performance ratio under high SOLAR radiation and ambient temperature conditions in Baghdad, Iraq. Using a photovoltaic (PV) analyzer and a thermal imaging camera, the study measures the electrical characteristics and thermal distribution of an 80 Wp monocrystalline SOLAR PANEL. The results reveal a significant decrease in performance ratio as SOLAR cell temperatures rise, with values such as 88.7% at 35.5 W, 85.2% at 40.88 W, and 78.8% at 44.56 W. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining uniform anti-reflective coatings and effective heat dissipation to enhance SOLAR PANEL efficiency. The study provides valuable insights for optimizing SOLAR PANEL performance in high-temperature environments and suggests directions for future research on improving thermal management in photovoltaic systems.

SOLAR energy as the most important source of renewable energy is an important alternative to fossil and non-renewable energies which is highly related to the environmental changes. The power output delivered from a photovoltaic module depends on the amount of irradiance which reaches the SOLAR cells. Many factors determine the ideal output or optimum yield in a photovoltaic module which can be classified to climatological, cosmological and geographical conditions. These environmental factors are directly affecting the performance losses in SOLAR cells. The presented paper attempted to use the long short-term memory (LSTM) to evaluate the environmental parameters influencing on photovoltaic cells performance losses. According to the simulations, intensity and radiation angle, shadow, temperature, wind and air pressure are the main parameters which affect the SOLAR cells functions and loss the performance.

Being sustainable and producing little waste products, the renewable energy knows a rapid deployment. Unfortunately, the intermittent characteristic of these energies makes them difficult to control. The influence of this aleatory character can be reduced with the coupling of two or more sources of renewable energy and secondly with a sound management of storage systems. This new configuration of production and energy management is the target of our research. The objective of this paper is to construct a model of a multi-sources system feeding a domestic house with the multiphysics approach which enables us to model, simulate and control all components and subsystems in our system consisting of wind turbine, SOLAR PANEL and storage system with battery. This system feeds a domestic house. To achieve this objective, firstly, a system description is presented. Secondly, a SIMSCAPE model for the multisource system is developed in the MATLAB/SIMSCAPE software. Finally, results are derived from simulations.

A SOLAR-powered robot is a mobile robot powered completely or significantly by direct SOLAR energy. Thesun's energy is converted into electric energy by SOLAR PANELs mounted on the robot. These SOLAR PANELsare required to be light because of the important demands for low-energy consumption. As a result ofthe flexibility of elements of the PANELs, undesirable low-frequency vibration may occur when the robotmoves on a rough terrain. In this paper, a new method for stabilization of SOLAR PANELs vibration basedon trajectory planning for articulated mobile robot is presented. The dynamics of SOLAR PANELs attachedto the robot is derived using Kane’s method. The attitude and configuration of a rover as a function ofthe terrain on which it moves is determined using inverse kinematics of the robot. The attitude andconfiguration of a rover is required to approximate the domain of vibration by derived dynamicsequations. Based on this approximation, a trajectory planning algorithm is presented that can reducevibration with no significant decrease in the velocity of the robot. The proposed method is simulated fora six-wheeled mobile robot with rocker-bogie structure. The obtained results show that the algorithmstabilizes the domain of vibration in allowable area and does not decrease the velocity of the robotsignificantly.

The SOLAR array ,one of the main parts of the satellite's electrical power subsystem, is responsible for providing the required electrical power for the satellite during the mission. Micrometeorites and small space debris are considered serious risk for the satellite mission. Due to the number of satellites in orbit, space debris is increasing. The impact of micrometeorites or orbital debris on the SOLAR PANELs of the satellite can damage the internal structure of the PANEL, which causes a drop in the electrical power of the satellite. In this article, along with the numerical and geometrical simulation of the SOLAR PANELs of the MEO communication satellite, an algorithm based on the direct random impact of micrometeorites and orbital debris on the SOLAR PANELs has been presented, and their damage rate has been calculated. The size of meteorites and space debris is determined based on the average size of the particles in the earth's orbit. After summarizing the collision results, the redundant SOLAR PANEL has been simulated based on the minimum and maximum damage to compensate for the satellite power loss. The results show that the redundant SOLAR PANEL can compensate the loss of satellite power after the collision and estimate the extent of damage as soon as possible